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Sains Malaysiana 54(2)(2025): 493-504
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5402-15
Catalytic
Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Fe-Modified Chicken Bone
Catalyst: Characterization and Optimization
(Transesterifikasi Pemangkin Sisa Minyak Masak menggunakan Mangkin Tulang Ayam Diubah Suai Fe: Pencirian dan Pengoptimuman)
NURUL
IZZATI SAHARUDDIN1, MUHAMMAD AFIQ DANIAL MOHAMED NASSIR1,
AINA ZULAIKHA MUZAFAR SHAH1, TENGKU SHAFAZILA TENGKU SAHARUDDIN1,
NURUL JANNAH ABD RAHMAN3, SYAHIRAH YAHYA4 & FARAH
WAHIDA HARUN1,2,*
1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 21 Jun 2024/Diterima:
21 November 2024
Abstract
Food waste, including non-reusable materials like chicken bones, forms a
significant portion of solid waste. In Malaysia, approximately 540,000 tons of
waste cooking oil (WCO) is discarded annually without proper treatment. Chicken
bones, rich in calcium, can be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst in
biodiesel production, addressing waste management issues. However, the use of
chicken bone as a catalyst presents challenges such as the unmodified chicken
bones often require a pre-treatment step to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA)
content in WCO to prevent saponification, limiting their efficiency. Hence,
this research endeavors to innovate by converting WCO
into biodiesel via a transesterification reaction, leveraging waste chicken
bones as a catalyst. The calcined waste chicken bone (CB) was modified to form
5 wt% Fe-CB, and 10 wt%
Fe-CB. The catalysts were found to have similar physical characteristics in
terms of the structure and surface morphology observed from XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and SEM analysis. Among the catalysts, 10 wt% Fe-CB, produced the highest yield of fatty acid methyl
esters (FAME), reaching 72.52%, under mild reaction conditions (10:1 methanol-to-WCO molar ratio, 1 wt% catalyst loading, 60 oC reaction temperature and 4 h reaction time). The capability of 10 wt% Fe-CB to produce a higher fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) yield than 5 wt% Fe-CB and calcined CB was due
to the presence of CaO with binary transition metal
oxides providing both acidic and basic sites, allowing for more efficient WCO
conversion.
Keywords: Fatty acid methyl esters;
transesterification; waste chicken bone; waste cooking oil
Abstrak
Sisa makanan, termasuk bahan yang tidak boleh diguna semula seperti tulang ayam, membentuk sebahagian besar sisa pepejal. Di Malaysia, kira-kira 540,000 tan sisa minyak masak (WCO) dibuang setiap tahun tanpa rawatan yang sewajarnya. Tulang ayam, yang kaya dengan kalsium, boleh digunakan sebagai mangkin heterogen dalam penghasilan biodiesel, sekali gus menangani masalah pengurusan sisa. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan tulang ayam sebagai mangkin menghadapi cabaran seperti tulang ayam yang tidak diubah suai sering memerlukan langkah pra-rawatan untuk mengurangkan kandungan asid lemak bebas (FFA) yang tinggi dalam WCO bagi mengelakkan saponifikasi yang membataskan kecekapan proses. Oleh itu, penyelidikan ini berusaha untuk berinovasi dengan menukar WCO kepada biodiesel melalui tindak balas transesterifikasi, memanfaatkan tulang ayam terbuang sebagai mangkin. Tulang ayam yang telah dikalsin (CB) diubah suai untuk membentuk 5 wt% Fe-CB dan 10 wt%
Fe-CB. Mangkin ini didapati mempunyai ciri fizikal yang serupa dari segi struktur dan morfologi permukaan yang diperhatikan melalui analisis XRD, penjerapan-penyahjerapan N2 dan SEM. Antara mangkin yang diuji, 10 wt% Fe-CB menghasilkan peratusan tertinggi ester metil asid lemak (FAME), mencapai 72.52% dalam keadaan tindak balas yang ringan (10:1 nisbah molar metanol-kepada-minyak, beban mangkin 1%, suhu tindak balas 60 °C dan masa tindak balas 4 jam). Keupayaan 10 wt%
Fe-CB untuk menghasilkan asid lemak metil ester (FAME)
yang lebih tinggi daripada 5 wt% Fe-CB dan CB terkalsin adalah disebabkan oleh kehadiran CaO dengan oksida logam peralihan binari yang menyediakan tapak berasid dan beralkali, membolehkan penukaran WCO yang lebih cekap.
Kata kunci: Asid lemak metil ester; sisa minyak masak; sisa tulang ayam; transesterifikasi
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